Modeling with particles like the hard spheres of Dalton is a key component in chemistry teaching but fail to describe phenomena mechanisms that rely on quantum effects of electrons. Particles are especially powerful for explaining ideal gases, phase changes, and factors affecting reaction rate. Heat transfer is often described using particle collisions but both teachers and students will find that there are limitations when looking at phenomena involving conductivity and specific heat. This presentation will focus on dealing with model limitations in the classroom and transitioning to new models for understanding phenomena
